Inverters convert the DC from solar modules into AC and connect the system to the grid. A plant's yield depends heavily on how efficiently its inverters operate.
Main duties of a PV inverter
- Convert DC to AC with minimal energy loss
- Continuously track the maximum power point on the module's power curve (MPPT)
- Monitor the plant's output and report any fault
Central inverters
Large units converting 500 kW to 5 MW, one per power block. Physically much larger than string inverters, with longer cable runs.
String inverters
Placed near the module strings to shorten DC cable runs and cut DC losses, removing the need for string combiner boxes.
Microinverters
Each controls the output of a single panel, so if one fails the rest keep working. Long-lived and efficient for small residential projects.
Hybrid inverters
Store excess energy in a battery for emergencies, charging from solar or the grid. Mostly used in residential systems, and can also be installed without batteries.